TALLER NUMERO 3 Y 4

Taller Unidad III & IV

Ejercicio A (Marcadores de Definición)

Project Management
Project management is the discipline of planning, organizing, securing and managing resources to bring about the successful completion of specific project goals and objectives. It is sometimes conflated with program management, however technically that is actually a higher level construction: a group of related and somehow interdependent engineering projects.

A project is a temporary endeavor, having a defined beginning and end (usually constrained by date, but can be by funding or deliverables), undertaken to meet unique goals and objectives, usually to bring about beneficial change or added value. The temporary nature of projects stands in contrast to business as usual (or operations), which are repetitive, permanent or semi-permanent functional work to produce products or services. In practice, the management of these two systems is often found to be quite different, and as such requires the development of distinct technical skills and the adoption of separate management.
The primary challenge of project management is to achieve all of the project goals and objectives while honoring the preconceived project constraints. Typical constraints are scope, time, and budget. The secondary—and more ambitious—challenge is to optimize the allocation and integration of inputs necessary to meet pre-defined objectives.


Idea General del Parrafo
La gerencia de proyecto es la disciplina de planificar, organizar, y manejar los recursos para lograr los objetivos y metas especificas de un proyecto.
Marcadores de Definicion:
- is the discipline of planning
- It is sometimes conflated with program management
- is actually a higher level construction
- A project is a temporary endeavor
- as such requires the development
- is to achieve all of the project goals
- are scope, time, and budget
- is to optimize the allocation

Ejercicio B (Marcadores de Tiempo)

Project Management History


Roman Soldiers Building a Fortress, Trajan's Column 113 ADProject management has been practiced since early civilization. Until 1900 civil engineering projects were generally managed by creative architects and engineers themselves, among those for example Vitruvius (1st century BC), Christopher Wren (1632–1723) , Thomas Telford (1757–1834) and Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806–1859). It was in the 1950s that organizations started to systematically apply project management tools and techniques to complex engineering projects.


Henry Gantt (1861-1919), the father of planning and control techniques.As a discipline, Project Management developed from several fields of application including civil construction, engineering, and heavy defense activity. Two forefathers of project management are Henry Gantt, called the father of planning and control techniques, who is famous for his use of the Gantt chart as a project management tool; and Henri Fayol for his creation of the 5 management functions which form the foundation of the body of knowledge associated with project and program management. Both Gantt and Fayol were students of Frederick Winslow Taylor's theories of scientific management. His work is the forerunner to modern project management tools including work breakdown structure (WBS) and resource allocation.

The 1950s marked the beginning of the modern Project Management era where core engineering fields come together working as one. Project management became recognized as a distinct discipline arising from the management discipline with engineering model. In the United States, prior to the 1950s, projects were managed on an ad hoc basis using mostly Gantt Charts, and informal techniques and tools. At that time, two mathematical project-scheduling models were developed. The "Critical Path Method" (CPM) was developed as a joint venture between DuPont Corporation and Remington Rand Corporation for managing plant maintenance projects. And the "Program Evaluation and Review Technique" or PERT, was developed by Booz Allen Hamilton as part of the United States Navy's (in conjunction with the Lockheed Corporation) Polaris missile submarine program; These mathematical techniques quickly spread into many private enterprises.

Idea General del Parrafo
Este parrafo tiene como idea general lo referente a los inicios de la gerencia de proyecto.

Marcadores de Tiempo:
- Until 1900
- Early
- In the 1950s
- Started
- 1st Century BC

- (1632-1723)
- (1757-1834)
- (1806-1859)

UNIDAD NUMERO 4

Unidad 4

MARCADORES DE DEFINICION.

Pipeline Direct Inlet (PDI) Compressor

Dresser-Rand's Pipeline Direct Inlet (PDI) centrifugal compressor is a single-stage, axial inlet compressor commonly used in natural gas pipeline service. These compressors use a direct inlet, overhung impeller and demonstrate flange-to-flange efficiencies to 90%. The PDI accommodates many drive configurations in standard package designs.

Features
Standard cast case:
• Family of standard case sizes covers a wide range of flows and horsepowers
• 1,500 PSIG standard case pressure rating
• Case accommodates either left-hand or right-hand discharge orientation
• Can exceed piping load requirements of API 617, 6th and 7th Editions
Standard components:
• Bearings, seal, shaft, head and instrumentation are standard for each frame size
• Contributes to shorter manufacturing cycle times
Rotor:
• No rotor assembly balance required for impeller change-out (component balanced)
• High rotor stability basis "stiff shaft" design which runs well below first critical
Aerodynamic assembly
• Impeller allows custom flow cuts for specified operating conditions
• Uses Dresser-Rand's advanced noise attenuation technology (DR Array)
• Proven by extensive testing using highly accurate PTC 10 Type 2 closed loop testing

Life Cycle Cost Savings
Minimal spares inventory
• Requires one tandem gas seal
• Fewer wearing parts
Minimal capital expenditures for turn-arounds and revamps
• Mono head simplifies disassembly and re-assembly
• Aero revamp replaces five major components: inlet ring; impeller nut; impeller; impeller labyrinths; and diffuser assembly
• Full tear-down unnecessary for revamps
• Above features result in maximum availability
Energy cost savings
• Flange-to-flange efficiencies to 90%
• Minimal inlet losses




Turbo Products from Dresser-Rand.
Time Tested. Field Proven.
Approximately 9,000 turbomachinery units in operation add up to experience no other company can match, plus innovation that has led to such products as our highly efficient, reduced-emissions DATUM centrifugal compressors.

Dresser-Rand seeks to provide lowest total cost of ownership solutions for your oil and gas production, gas processing, refining, and petrochemical applications.





DATUM® Compressors
The DATUM line of centrifugal compressors was designed for maximum performance in all pressure and flow applications.


•
Axial Compressors
Axial flow compressors are designed for high volume, high efficiency, and high reliability applications. These applications include air separation, sewage treatment, wind tunnels, and CAES.


TAREA



Patrones de Organización de un Párrafo
A. Seleccione un texto relacionado con su área de experticia. Lea el texto y extraiga:

Las definiciones
y los marcadores de definición.
B. Seleccione otro texto relacionado con su área de experticia y extraiga las palabras de secuencia u ordenamiento del tiempo.

Marcadores de Tiempo
Idea general del párrafo


productos de plantas y generadores y compresores centifugos y diferentes mmodelos de la industria utilizados para la compresion del Gas Natural.






MARCADORES DE TIEMPO





EU CO2 To Drop 10 percent below 2007 Levels
Submitted on December 8, 2008

European Union industrial emissions could fall by 10 percent below 2007 levels next year, Deutsche Bank
said on Thursday, unnerving traders on the possibility of another price collapse in carbon permits.
The German bank cut its previous forecasts, saying lower productivity from companies participating in the EU’s Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) coupled with corporate efforts to meet EU renewable energy targets could lead to a surplus in emissions permits over the next three years.
This will depress prices for permits (EUAs) traded in the scheme’s second phase (2008-12), possibly forcing a retest of the all-time low of 11.80 euros a tonne, the bank said, prompting trader worries over a possible repeat of the scheme’s first phase when EUA prices fell to zero.
“The price is going to be under pressure, not necessarily because the market thinks Phase 2 is going to be long but also because companies need cash so they’ll sell the allowances they won’t need for next year when they anticipate lower production,” Lewis told Reuters.
EUA prices would not collapse as unused permits would be carried over to the scheme’s third phase (2013-2020), he added, reiterating his previous price targets of over 30 euros a tonne.
Benchmark EUAs traded down to 14.45 euros a tonne on Friday, the lowest level since March 2007 and 50 percent below a 2-year high of 29.69 euros hit last July.
“It looks like a sequel to the Phase 1 horror movie,” said one emissions trader.
In the scheme’s first phase (2005-07), an over allocation of permits caused the EUA price to crash, prompting critics to question the effectiveness of emissions trading as a weapon in the fight against climate change.
The difference in the scheme’s second phase (2008-12), Lewis said, is that companies can carry over unused permits to the third phase, which begins in 2013, thereby avoiding the mass sell-off that pushed prices down to zero in phase I.
“It’s meaningless to say Phase 2 will be long, since allowances will be banked to make Phase 3 less short,” he said.
“Looking at Phase 2 separately from Phase 3 is wrong; It’s an academic distinction.”
Lewis did not change his EUA price forecast, estimating prices of 30 euros a tonne this year, rising by four percent annually to 48 euros in 2020.
Next week, EU leaders will hold a summit to agree proposals to cut EU emissions by 20 percent below 1990 levels by 2020, and source 20 percent its electricity from renewable energy sources.Based on the targets being agreed, Lewis said Phase 2 emissions will average 2.076 billion metric tons annually, 7 million metric tons below the cap of 2.083 billion metric tons per year.But Phase 3 will see annual emissions of around 2.08 billion metric tons, 238 million more than an average cap of 1.85 billion.
“On our revised estimates the ETS is still short by an average of 50 million tons per year over 2008-20 even after allowing for the use of (Kyoto) credits,” Lewis said, cutting his previous estimate of 86 million.
Lewis predicted EU member states would meet 45 percent of its renewables target, down from a previous estimate of 50 percent.
He said EU emissions will start to rise again after 2009, growing by 1 percent in 2010, 2 percent in 2011 and 2012, and 0.5 percent in the years following.

UNIDAD NRO 3

Summary

A research published this week suggests that after the end of a relationship, a broken heart really can hurt. The study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, shows that physical pain and the emotional pain can 'hurt' in the same way.

Reporter
James Cowling

Can emotional pain be as hurtful as physical pain?
Listen
Click to hear the report:
•
Report
You've broken up with your girlfriend or boyfriend, your wife or husband has left you and you feel rejected, dejected, broken-hearted. Well, new research suggests that intense feelings of rejection are as hurtful as physical pain.

The lead author of the study, Ethan Kross, said the reason is because the same regions of the brain that become active in response to painful sensory experiences are also activated during intense experiences of social rejection.

The researchers hope their findings will offer new insight into how the experience of intense social loss may lead to various physical pain symptoms and disorders.

They also confirmed the notion that people from different cultures all around the world use the same language, words like 'hurt' and 'pain', to describe the experience of both physical pain and social rejection.



¿cuál cree usted que es el tópico que está a punto de leer?

Respuestas:


según puedo apreciar la imagen de una persona del sexo femenino que aparentemente tiene una depresión o bien sea un dolor que no le permite levantar la cabeza.

¿Cuál es la idea general del texto?

las sensaciones intensas del rechazamiento


¿Que palabras se repiten?

.-The study
.-can
.-rejection.

¿Que palabras se parecen al español?

.-study
.-Academy
.-Sciences
.-author.
.- social
.-regions
.-active

¿Cuales son las palabras en negrita, el titulo, subtitulo o gráficos que te ayudan a entender el texto?

.-broken up with
.- dejected
.-symptoms and disorders.
.-notion


¿De qué trata el texto? Lee el primer párrafo y el último o la ultimas ideas del último párrafo.


ha roto con novio, ha dejado le y le sensación rechazada, broken-hearted. Bien, la nueva investigación sugiere que las sensaciones intensas del rechazamiento sean tan que hace daño como dolor físico. El autor del plomo del estudio, la razón porque las mismas regiones del cerebro que llegan a ser activas en respuesta a experiencias sensoriales dolorosas también se activan durante experiencias intensas del rechazamiento social.

UNIDAD NRO 2 INGLES INSTRUMENTAL

TAREA UNIDAD NRO 2

Estructura de la oracion: (2 ejemplos)
Frase nominal

Nucleo de la frase nominal

pre modificadores- post modificadores
Frase verbal

Nucleo de la frase verbal
Tiempo verbal

UNIDAD II

Industrial engineering is a branch of engineering dealing with the optimization of complex processes or systems. It is concerned with the development, improvement, implementation and evaluation of integrated systems of people, money, knowledge, information, equipment, energy, materials, analysis and synthesis, as well as the mathematical, physical and social sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering design to specify, predict, and evaluate the results to be obtained from such systems or processes.
Its underlying concepts overlap considerably with certain business-oriented disciplines such as Operations Management, but the engineering side tends to emphasize extensive mathematical proficiency and usage of quantitative methods.


Depending on the sub-speciality(ies) involved, industrial engineering may also be known as operations management, management science, operations research, systems engineering, or manufacturing engineering, usually depending on the viewpoint or motives of the user. Recruiters or educational establishments use the names to differentiate themselves from others. In health care, industrial engineers are more commonly known as health management engineers or health systems engineers.

Idea principal del texto:

La idea principal del texto es que la Ingeniería Industrial es una rama de la ingeniería se ocupan de la optimización de los procesos o sistemas complejos.

Traducción:

Ingeniería Industrial es una rama de la ingeniería se ocupan de la optimización de los procesos o sistemas complejos. Tiene que ver con el desarrollo, mejoramiento, implementación y evaluación de sistemas integrados de personas, dinero, conocimiento, información, equipamiento, energía, materiales, análisis y síntesis, así como las ciencias matemáticas, físicas y sociales junto con los principios y métodos del diseño de ingeniería para especificar, predecir y evaluar los resultados que se obtengan de tales sistemas o procesos.
Sus conceptos subyacentes se superponen considerablemente con ciertas disciplinas orientadas a los negocios, tales como Gestión de Operaciones, pero la parte de ingeniería tiende a enfatizar la competencia matemática y el uso extensivo de los métodos cuantitativos.


Dependiendo de la sub-especialidad (es) involucradas, la ingeniería industrial también se conoce como gestión de operaciones, gestión de la ciencia, la investigación de operaciones, ingeniería de sistemas, ingeniería o fabricación, por lo general en función del punto de vista o los motivos del usuario. Los reclutadores o los centros de enseñanza utilizar los nombres de diferenciarse de los demás. En el cuidado de la salud, ingenieros industriales son más comúnmente conocidos como ingenieros de gestión de la salud o ingenieros de sistemas de salud.




Selecciona tres oraciones e indica:
– Frase nominal, pre y post modificadores y núcleo
– Frase verbal, núcleo
– Tiempo verbal de la oración
A) Depending on the sub-speciality(ies) involved, industrial engineering may also be known as operations management
• FN: Depending on the sub-speciality(ies)
• NFV: Involved
• Premodificadores: Depending on the sub-speciality(ies)
• Post modificadores: industrial engineering may also be known as operations management
• Tiempo Verbal: Presente continúo.


B) Industrial engineering is a branch of engineering dealing with the optimization of complex processes or systems.

Busca 2 ejemplos de elementos referenciales
a. Pronombres demostrativos
b. Conectores
c. Who, what, when, where

UNIDAD NRO 1 USO DEL DICCIONARIO

TAREA UNIDAD NRO 1

Selecciona un texto relacionado con tu area de interes. Identifica 3 palabras que no conoces.. agrega las abreviaciones.
2. Idea principal del texto (en español)
3. Categorias lexicales: (2 ejemplos por categoria)
• Palabras de contenido:
• Palabras de Función:
• Verbos:
• Adverbio:
• Adjetivo:
• Artículo:
• Preposiciones:
• Conjunción:
• Cognados verdaderos:
• cognados Falsos:
• Sufijo:
• Prefijos:




MEDICINE WHAT IS DIALYSIS

The kidneys are responsible for filtering waste products from the blood. Dialysis is a procedure that is a substitute for [conj] many of the normal duties of the kidneys [sust]. The kidneys are two organs located on either side of the back of The kidneys are responsible for filtering waste products from the blood. Dialysis is a procedure that is a substitute for [conj] many of the normal duties of the kidneys [sust]. The kidneys are two organs located on either side of the back of the abdominal [cv] cavity. Dialysis can allow individuals to live productive and [conj] useful [adj] [suf] lives, even though their kidneys no longer work adequately [adv]. In the United States, there are over 200,000 people who use dialysis techniques on an ongoing basis.

Dialysis helps the body by performing the functions of failed kidneys. The [art] kidney has many roles. An essential [adj] job of the kidney is to regulate the body's fluid balance [cv]. It does this by adjusting the amount of urine that is excreted on a [art] daily basis. On [prep] hot days, the body sweats more. Thus, less water needs to be excreted through the kidneys. On cold days, the body sweats less. Thus, urine output needs to be greater in order to maintain the proper balance within the body [sust]. It is the kidney's job to regulate fluid balance by adjusting urine output.

Another major duty of the kidney is to remove [pref] the waste products that the body produces [verb] throughout the day. As the body functions, the cells use energy. The operation of the cells produces waste products that must be removed from the body. When these waste products are not removed [pref] adequately [adv] [suf], they build [verb] up in he body. An elevation of waste products, as measured in [prep] the blood, is called "azotemia." When waste products accumulate they, cause a sick feeling throughout the body called "uremia."

PALABRAS DE NO CONOZCO

• allow: verbo transitivo permitir;
• duty: sustantivo servicio m
• kidney: sustantivo (pl -neys) (Anat) riñón m
• sick: adjetivo enfermo
• sweat: verbo intransitivo sudar, transpirar

Abreviaciones:
• Anat > anatomía
• m > masculino
• PC > palabra de contenido
• PF > palabra de función
• pl > plural

Ejemplos de categorías lexicales

• Adjetivos > [adj]
• Adverbios > [adv]
• Artículos > [art]
• Cognados falsos > [cf]
• Cognados verdaderos > [cv]
• Conjunciones > [conj]
• Prefijos > [pref]
• Preposiciones > [prep]
• Sufijos > [suf]
• Sustantivos > [sust]
• Verbos > [verb]
• Palabras de función
• Palabras de contenido


CUAL ES OBJETIVO PRINCIPAL DEL PARRAFO

EL objetivo principal la diálisis como un proceso que sustituye varias de las funciones que tienen los riñones en el organismo. Para ello, presenta una descripción de LOS s órganos, Y sus diferentes funciones y que tan su importantes es el cuerpo humano

TALLER INGLES INSTRUMENTAL UNIDAD NRO 1 Y 2

TALLER INGLE INSTRUMENTAL UNIDA NRO 1 Y 2



Electrical engineering can trace its origins in the experiments of Alessandro Volta in the 1800s, the experiments of Michael Faraday, Georg Ohm and others and the invention of the electric motor in 1872. The work of James Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz in the late 19th century gave rise to the field of Electronics. The later inventions of the vacuum tube and the transistor further accelerated the development of electronics to such an extent that electrical and electronics engineers currently outnumber their colleagues of any other Engineering specialty.[4]
The inventions of Thomas Savery and the Scottish engineer James Watt gave rise to modern Mechanical Engineering. The development of specialized machines and their maintenance tools during the industrial revolution led to the rapid growth of Mechanical Engineering both in its birthplace Britain and abroad.[4]
Chemical Engineering, like its counterpart Mechanical Engineering, developed in the nineteenth century during the Industrial Revolution.[4] Industrial scale manufacturing demanded new materials and new processes and by 1880 the need for large scale production of chemicals was such that a new industry was created, dedicated to the development and large scale manufacturing of chemicals in new industrial plants.[4] The role of the chemical engineer was the design of these chemical plants and processes.[4]
Aeronautical Engineering deals with aircraft design while Aerospace Engineering is a more modern term that expands the reach envelope of the discipline by including spacecraft design.[14] Its origins can be traced back to the aviation pioneers around the turn of the century from the 19th century to the 20th although the work of Sir George Cayley has recently been dated as being from the last decade of the 18th century. Early knowledge of aeronautical engineering was largely empirical with some concepts and skills imported from other branches of engineering.[15]
The first PhD in engineering (technically, applied science and engineering) awarded in the United States went to Willard Gibbs at Yale University in 1863; it was also the second PhD awarded in science in the U.S.[16]
Only a decade after the successful flights by the Wright brothers, the 1920s saw extensive development of aeronautical engineering through development of World War I military aircraft. Meanwhile, research to provide fundamental background science continued by combining theoretical physics with experiments.
In 1990, with the rise of computer technology, the first search engine was built by computer engineer Alan Emtage.


PALABRAS QUE NO CONOCES
 trace i
 development
 such
 Savery
 Scottish
 Growth
 Birthplace
 abroad
 deals
 reach
 envelope
 knowledge
 Although
 Awarded
 Wright


IDEA PRINCIPAL DEL TEXTO EN ESPAÑOL.

En la Ingeniería eléctrica algunos experimentos de Alejandro Volta y Michael Faraday, Ohm Georg y otros, también la invención del motor eléctrico. Y El trabajo de James Maxwell y Heinrich Hertz en el siglo pasado 19 lugar al campo de la electrónica. Y actualmente superan en número a sus ingenieros de cualquier otra especialidad de Ingeniería Los inventos de Thomas Savery y el ingeniero escocés James Watt dio origen a la moderna Ingeniería Mecánica. El desarrollo de máquinas y equipos especializados y sus herramientas de mantenimiento industrial llevó al rápido crecimiento de Ingeniería Mecánica, El papel del ingeniero químico se remonta a los primeras personas que trabajaron en campo de la aviación en el cambio de siglo del siglo 19 al 20, aunque el trabajo de Sir George Cayley recientemente ha sido dado como de la última década del siglo 18. Los primeros conocimientos de la ingeniería aeronáutica fue en gran parte empírica con algunos conceptos y habilidades Sólo una década después de los vuelos con vio un amplio desarrollo de la ingeniería.



Palabras de contenido:

Palabras de Función:

Verbos: invention , can , accelerated, provide,experiments


Adverbio: technically, such , currently

Adjetivo: that, Scottish,modern , Mechanical

Artículo:

Preposiciones:

Conjunción:

Cognados verdaderos:

cognados Falsos:

Sufijo:

Prefijos: